\documentclass[a4paper]{article}

\usepackage[colorlinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{bookmark}
\usepackage{booktabs}

\usepackage{lmodern}
% \usepackage{kerkis}
% \usepackage{gfsdidot}

% allow other files to load this file with different setup
\providecommand{\greeksetup}{
  \usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{textalpha}
  \usepackage{alphabeta}

  % Greek utf8 definitions work with and without "Babel",
  % with monotonic, polytonic, and ancient Greek variants.
  % The new implementation of \MakeUppercase requires Babel
  % for the Greek localisation
  \usepackage[greek,english]{babel}
  % \languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}
  % \languageattribute{greek}{ancient}
}
\greeksetup

% Fallbacks:
\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\greekscript}{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont
                                         \def\encodingdefault{LGR}}
\providecommand{\latinscript}{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont
                              \def\encodingdefault{T1}}
\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\ensuregreek}[1]{\leavevmode{\greekscript #1}}
\providecommand{\ensureascii}[1]{{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont #1}}

\begin{document}

\title{Greek Unicode with 8-bit TeX and \emph{inputenc}}
\author{Günter Milde}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
The definitions in \texttt{lgrenc.dfu} provide UTF-8 support for
the Greek script based on \emph{inputenc} and the \emph{LaTeX internal
character representation} macros (LICRs) defined in the \emph{greek-fontenc}
package.
\end{abstract}

\section{Requirements}

The \href{https://ctan.org/pkg/inputenc}{\emph{inputenc}} standard
package enables the use of non-ASCII characters with 8-bit TeX. However, it
misses definitions for Greek characters. The \emph{greek-inputenc} package
extends \emph{inputenc} to allow the use of Greek literals in the document
source.

As with all \emph{inputenc} definitions, this only works if the active font
encoding supports the characters. For the Greek script, this is usually the
non-standard \emph{LGR} font encoding set up by
\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc}{\emph{greek-fontenc}}.
% e.g. Π produces:
% ! LaTeX Error: Command \textPi unavailable in encoding T1.
% just like Ж produces:
% ! LaTeX Error: Command \CYRZH unavailable in encoding T1.

\section{Usage}

There are several alternatives to activate Greek Unicode input for 8-bit TeX%
\footnote{
  The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines use utf8 as native input encoding. They do
  not require (and, except in 8-bit compatibility mode, do not work with)
  the \emph{inputenc} and \emph{greek-inputenc} packages.}
%
(see also the source document \url{greek-utf8.tex}):


\begin{itemize}

\item
Define the LGR font encoding and the UTF8 input encoding (the order does not
matter), e.g.,
%
\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage[T1,LGR]{fontenc}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\end{verbatim}
%
Ensure that LGR is the active font encoding whenever a Greek character is
used in the text (see below).

\item
For text in the Greek language, it is recommended to use the
\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/babel}{\emph{Babel}} package with the Greek
language definitions in
\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/babel-greek}{\emph{babel-greek}}. Babel sets
the font encoding automatically to LGR and Greek Unicode characters work as
expected. Write in the preamble, e.g.,
%
\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
  \usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage[english,greek,german]{babel}
\end{verbatim}
%
and use \verb+\foreignlanguage+ or \verb+\selectlanguage+ to set the text
language to Greek (see the
\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/babel-greek}{\emph{babel-greek}} documentation
for detailled examples).

\begin{quote}
  \greekscript
  Τί φήις; Ἱδὼν ἐνθέδε παῖδ’ ἐλευθέραν
  τὰς πλησίον Νύμφας στεφανοῦσαν, Σώστρατε,
  ἐρῶν άπῆλθες εὐθύς;
\end{quote}

\item
Greek literal characters can also be used in PDF-strings (bookmarks and
ToC entries with \href{https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref}{\emph{hyperref}}).
See \href{https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc}{\emph{greek-fontenc}}
for a
\href{https://mirrors.ctan.org/language/greek/greek-fontenc/hyperref-with-greek.pdf}
{hyperref test and usage example}.

\item
In combination with the \emph{textalpha} package from
\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc}{\emph{greek-fontenc}}, Greek Unicode
characters can be used in text with any font encoding -- just like the
symbols provided by the ``textcomp'' package (i.e. with some limitations
described in
\href{https://mirrors.ctan.org/language/greek/greek-fontenc/textalpha-doc.pdf}
{textalpha-doc}).
\makeatletter
\ifdefined\textalpha@define@breathings
  With the preamble lines
  \begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
    \usepackage{textalpha}
  \end{verbatim}
  it is straightforward to write about π-mesons, γ-radiation, or a 50\,kΩ
  resistor.\footnote{%
    The MIKRO SIGN and OHM SIGN characters are set up by inputenc with
    \emph{textcomp} characters for any font encoding while
    GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA works only with the LGR font encoding.}

  \item
  In combination with the \emph{alphabeta} package (also from
  \href{https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc}{\emph{greek-fontenc}}),
  Greek Unicode literals can also be used in math mode:
  %
  \begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
    \usepackage{alphabeta}
  \end{verbatim}
  \[
     \tan β = \frac{\sin β}{\cos β}.
  \]
\fi
\makeatother

\end{itemize}


\section{Warning: unsafe ASCII input}

LGR is no ``standard font encoding''. Latin characters and some other ASCII
symbols are mapped to Greek equivalents if LGR is the active font encoding.
(See
\href{https://mirrors.ctan.org/language/babel/contrib/greek/usage.pdf}{usage.pdf}
for a description of this Latin-Greek transliteration.)

This means you need an explicit language and/or font-encoding switch for
Latin words and abbreviations in Greek text, e.g., not
\ensuregreek{((ηία αντίσταση 750-kΩ))} but
\ensuregreek{((ηία αντίσταση 750-\ensureascii{k}Ω))}

Special care is also required with the question mark characters:
\begin{itemize}
  \item The Unicode standard says character 003B SEMICOLON and not
        037E GREEK QUESTION MARK, is the preferred character for a
	`Greek question mark' (erotimatiko),
  \item The LGR font encoding maps a SEMICOLON to a middle dot (ano teleia),
	while the Latin question mark ``?'' is mapped to the erotimatiko.
\end{itemize}
As a result, only the deprecated character 037E GREEK QUESTION MARK works
with both, Xe/LuaTeX and 8-bit TeX.
\makeatletter
\ifdefined\textalpha@define@breathings
Compare the source \url{greek-utf8.tex} and the PDF output:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
  Latin (T1) & Greek (LGR) & question mark character \\
  \midrule
  Τί φήις; & \foreignlanguage{greek}{Τί φήις;} & 037E GREEK QUESTION MARK \\
  Τί φήις; & \foreignlanguage{greek}{Τί φήις;} & 003B SEMICOLON \\
  Τί φήις? & \foreignlanguage{greek}{Τί φήις?} & 003F QUESTION MARK \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\fi
\makeatother
With the \emph{textalpha} package's ``keep-semicolon'' option, the
SEMICOLON character can be used for the erotimatiko also with LGR encoded
fonts.


\section{Supported Characters}

Unicode definitions exist for all non-ASCII characters that can be rendered
with an LGR-encoded font.


\subsection{Greek and Coptic}

\greekscript
\begin{tabular}{rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}
\toprule
    & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & A & B & \latinscript C & D & E & F\\
\midrule
\latinscript{370} & * & * & * & * & ʹ & ͵ & * & * &   &   & ͺ & * & * & * & ; &  \\
\latinscript{380} &   &   &   &   & ΄ & ΅ & Ά & · & Έ & Ή & Ί &   & Ό &   & Ύ & Ώ\\
\latinscript{390} & ΐ & Α & Β & Γ & Δ & Ε & Ζ & Η & Θ & Ι & Κ & Λ & Μ & Ν & Ξ & Ο\\
\latinscript{3A0} & Π & Ρ &   & Σ & Τ & Υ & Φ & Χ & Ψ & Ω & Ϊ & Ϋ & ά & έ & ή & ί\\
\latinscript{3B0} & ΰ & α & β & γ & δ & ε & ζ & η & θ & ι & κ & λ & μ & ν & ξ & ο\\
\latinscript{3C0} & π & ρ & ς & σ & τ & υ & φ & χ & ψ & ω & ϊ & ϋ & ό & ύ & ώ &  \\
\latinscript{3D0} & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & Ϙ & ϙ & Ϛ & ϛ & Ϝ & ϝ & * & ϟ\\
\latinscript{3E0} & Ϡ & ϡ & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & *\\
\latinscript{3F0} & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & * & *\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\latinscript

\noindent
legend: * glyph missing in LGR, [space] Unicode point not defined


\subsection{Greek Extended}

\greekscript
\begin{tabular}{rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}
\toprule
      & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & A & B & \latinscript C & D & E & F\\
\midrule
\latinscript{1F00} & ἀ & ἁ & ἂ & ἃ & ἄ & ἅ & ἆ & ἇ & Ἀ & Ἁ & Ἂ & Ἃ & Ἄ & Ἅ & Ἆ & Ἇ\\
\latinscript{1F10} & ἐ & ἑ & ἒ & ἓ & ἔ & ἕ &   &   & Ἐ & Ἑ & Ἒ & Ἓ & Ἔ & Ἕ &   &  \\
\latinscript{1F20} & ἠ & ἡ & ἢ & ἣ & ἤ & ἥ & ἦ & ἧ & Ἠ & Ἡ & Ἢ & Ἣ & Ἤ & Ἥ & Ἦ & Ἧ\\
\latinscript{1F30} & ἰ & ἱ & ἲ & ἳ & ἴ & ἵ & ἶ & ἷ & Ἰ & Ἱ & Ἲ & Ἳ & Ἴ & Ἵ & Ἶ & Ἷ\\
\latinscript{1F40} & ὀ & ὁ & ὂ & ὃ & ὄ & ὅ &   &   & Ὀ & Ὁ & Ὂ & Ὃ & Ὄ & Ὅ &   &  \\
\latinscript{1F50} & ὐ & ὑ & ὒ & ὓ & ὔ & ὕ & ὖ & ὗ &   & Ὑ &   & Ὓ &   & Ὕ &   & Ὗ\\
\latinscript{1F60} & ὠ & ὡ & ὢ & ὣ & ὤ & ὥ & ὦ & ὧ & Ὠ & Ὡ & Ὢ & Ὣ & Ὤ & Ὥ & Ὦ & Ὧ\\
\latinscript{1F70} & ὰ & ά & ὲ & έ & ὴ & ή & ὶ & ί & ὸ & ό & ὺ & ύ & ὼ & ώ &   &  \\
\latinscript{1F80} & ᾀ & ᾁ & ᾂ & ᾃ & ᾄ & ᾅ & ᾆ & ᾇ & ᾈ & ᾉ & ᾊ & ᾋ & ᾌ & ᾍ & ᾎ & ᾏ\\
\latinscript{1F90} & ᾐ & ᾑ & ᾒ & ᾓ & ᾔ & ᾕ & ᾖ & ᾗ & ᾘ & ᾙ & ᾚ & ᾛ & ᾜ & ᾝ & ᾞ & ᾟ\\
\latinscript{1FA0} & ᾠ & ᾡ & ᾢ & ᾣ & ᾤ & ᾥ & ᾦ & ᾧ & ᾨ & ᾩ & ᾪ & ᾫ & ᾬ & ᾭ & ᾮ & ᾯ\\
\latinscript{1FB0} & ᾰ & ᾱ & ᾲ & ᾳ & ᾴ &   & ᾶ & ᾷ & Ᾰ & Ᾱ & Ὰ & Ά & ᾼ & ᾽ & ι & ᾿\\
\latinscript{1FC0} & ῀ & ῁ & ῂ & ῃ & ῄ &   & ῆ & ῇ & Ὲ & Έ & Ὴ & Ή & ῌ & ῍ & ῎ & ῏\\
\latinscript{1FD0} & ῐ & ῑ & ῒ & ΐ &   &   & ῖ & ῗ & Ῐ & Ῑ & Ὶ & Ί &   & ῝ & ῞ & ῟\\
\latinscript{1FE0} & ῠ & ῡ & ῢ & ΰ & ῤ & ῥ & ῦ & ῧ & Ῠ & Ῡ & Ὺ & Ύ & Ῥ & ῭ & ΅ & `\\
\latinscript{1FF0} &   &   & ῲ & ῳ & ῴ &   & ῶ & ῷ & Ὸ & Ό & Ὼ & Ώ & ῼ & ´ & ῾ &  \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\latinscript

\subsection{Other Unicode Blocks}

\begin{description}

\item [Latin-1 Supplement]: \ensuregreek{¨ « ¯ ´ · »}
\item [IPA Extensions]: \ensuregreek{ə} LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA
\item [Spacing Modifier Letters]:
      \ensuregreek{˘a} (here followed by letter alpha)
\item [General Punctuation]:
      \ensuregreek{– — ‘ ’ ‰} ZWNJ (zero width no joiner, prevents kerning
      and ligatures, e.g. \ensuregreek{A‌‌U} vs. \ensuregreek{AU} and
      \ensuregreek{'‌a} vs. \ensuregreek{'a})
\item [Currency Symbols]: \ensuregreek{€}
\item [Letter-like Symbols]: Ω  % OHM SIGN, preferred representation is 03A9
\item [Ancient Greek Numbers]: \ensuregreek{
      𐅄 \textpentedeka{}    % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY
      𐅅 \textpentehekaton{} % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE HUNDRED
      𐅆 \textpenteqilioi{}  % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE THOUSAND
      𐅇 \textpentemuria{}   % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY THOUSAND
      }
\end{description}


\section{Test up/downcasing}

\ifdefined\extrasgreek
\else
  These tests require Babel
  (unless used with LaTeX versions older than 2022/06).
  \end{document}
\fi

Capital Greek letters have diacritics (except the dialytika, macron, and
breve) to the left (instead of above) and drop them in uppercase, e.g.
\ensuregreek{μαΐστρος $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{μαΐστρος}}.

Tonos and dasia on the first vowel of a diphthong (\ensuregreek{άι, άυ, έι})
imply a \emph{hiatus}. A dialytika must be placed on the second
vowel if they are dropped (\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{\'ai, \'au, \'ei}}).

The implementation of \verb|\MakeUppercase| changed in the 2022/06 LaTeX
release (cf. LaTeX News 35). Since then, Greek uppercase rules are only
applied if the text language is set to ``greek'' with Babel.

With the ``old'' \verb|\MakeUppercase|, the auto-hiatus feature in LGR works
with the Latin transliteration and LICR macros (%
\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{%
  \'ai,
  \'\textalpha \textupsilon,
  \'\textepsilon \textiota
}}) but not with literal Unicode
characters.

It works also if only the first character of the
diphthong is wrapped in \verb|\ensuregreek| (as done by the lgrenc.dfu
definition for accented characters)) or input as literal Unicode character
(\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{%
  \ensuregreek{\'\textalpha}\textiota,
  ά\textupsilon,
  ά\textiota
}})
but not if the second character of the diphthong is a Unicode literal
(\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{%
  \'\textalpha ι,
  άυ,
  \'\textepsilon ι
}}).

As an ugly workaround, use \verb|\textiota| resp. \verb|\textupsilon|
for the character that should get the diaresis:
\ensuregreek{ἀ\textupsilon{}πνία $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{ἀ\textupsilon{}πνία}}.


With the ``new'' (post 2022/06) \verb|\MakeUppercase|, the auto-hiatus
feature in LGR works with literals from the ``Greek and Coptic''
Unicode block and some from ``Greek extended''.
See the following examples:
\ensuregreek{άυλος  $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{άυλος},
           ἄυλος  $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{ἄυλος},
           μάινα  $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{μάινα},
           κέικ,  $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{κέικ},
           ἀυπνία $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{ἀυπνία}}.


The following subsections test MakeUppercase and MakeLowercase with all
characters defined in lgrenc.dfu:

\subsection{Greek and Coptic}

\newcommand{\GreekAndCoptic}{ʹ͵ͺ; ΄ ΅Ά·ΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫϘϚϜϠ}
\newcommand{\greekandcoptic}{άέήίΰαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώϙϛϝϟϡ}

Characters of the Greek and Coptic Unicode Block:
\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \GreekAndCoptic\\
  \greekandcoptic
\end{quote}
MakeUppercase:
\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \MakeUppercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeUppercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}
Letters and ypogegrammeni upcased, tonos dropped, dialytika kept.

There is no capital Koppa in LGR, therefore \ensuregreek{ϟ} is left unchanged
with MakeUppercase.


MakeLowercase:

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \MakeLowercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeLowercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}

The lowercase of \ensuregreek{Σ} is the «auto-sigma» (\verb|\textautosigma|):
\ensuregreek{ΣΣ $\mapsto$ \MakeLowercase{ΣΣ}}. Add a ZWNJ or use the
\verb|\noboundary| macro to prevent conversion to final sigma:
\ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{ΣΣ‌}}. The lowercase of GREEK LETTER STIGMA
\ensuregreek{Ϛ} is \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{Ϛ}}.


\subsection{Greek extended}

MakeUppercase:

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \MakeUppercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
  \MakeUppercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
  \MakeUppercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
  \selectlanguage{english}
\end{quote}

MakeLowercase:

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \MakeLowercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
  \MakeLowercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
  \MakeLowercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
\end{quote}

\subsubsection{Iota subscript vs. iota adscript}

Pre-composed capital letters with \emph{mute iota} decompose to the base
letter and COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI (U+0345) even if they are named
... WITH [... AND] PROSGEGRAMMENI for ``historic reasons''.%
\footnote{cf. \href{https://opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode_adscript.html}
	           {Nick Nicholas `Titlecase and Adscripts'}}


Accordingly, the ``canonical'' LICR for capital letters with mute iota
is the base character LICR followed by \verb|\ypogegrammeni|.

Compare letters followed by \verb|\prosgegrammeni| and
\verb|\ypogegrammeni| with the pre-composed characters and with
character + literal GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI.

\noindent\ensureascii{prosgegrammeni:}
\newcommand{\alphapros}{\textalpha\prosgegrammeni α\prosgegrammeni{} ᾳαι /
                        \textAlpha\prosgegrammeni Α\prosgegrammeni{} ᾼΑι /
               \accpsili\textAlpha\prosgegrammeni Ἀ\prosgegrammeni{} ᾈἈι}
\ensuregreek\alphapros

MakeUppercase \MakeUppercase{\ensuregreek{\alphapros}}

MakeLowercase \MakeLowercase{\ensuregreek{\alphapros}}


\noindent ypogegrammeni:
\newcommand{\alphaypo}{\textalpha\ypogegrammeni α\ypogegrammeni{} ᾳαι /
                       \textAlpha\ypogegrammeni Α\ypogegrammeni{} ᾼΑι /
              \accpsili\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni Ἀ\ypogegrammeni{} ᾈἈι}
\ensuregreek\alphaypo

MakeUppercase \MakeUppercase{\ensuregreek{\alphaypo}}

MakeLowercase \MakeLowercase{\ensuregreek{\alphaypo}}

\selectlanguage{english}


\subsection{Other Unicode Blocks}

MakeUppercase does not change non-letter symbols and the letter shwa
(there is a capital Cyrillic schwa in T2A encoded fonts):
\begin{quote}
  \greekscript
  \MakeUppercase{¨ « ¯ ´ · »}
  \MakeUppercase{ə}
  \MakeUppercase{˘a}
  \MakeUppercase{– — ‘ ’ ‰ a‌u}
  \MakeUppercase{€}
  % \MakeUppercase{Ω}
  \MakeUppercase{
  𐅄 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY
  𐅅 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE HUNDRED
  𐅆 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE THOUSAND
  𐅇 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY THOUSAND
  }
\end{quote}
MakeLowercase does not change non-letter symbols either:
\begin{quote}
  \greekscript
  \MakeLowercase{¨ « ¯ ´ · »}
  \MakeLowercase{ə}
  \MakeLowercase{˘A}
  \MakeLowercase{– — ‘ ’ ‰ A‌‌U}
  \MakeLowercase{€}
  % \MakeLowercase{Ω}
  \MakeLowercase{
  𐅄 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY
  𐅅 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE HUNDRED
  𐅆 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIVE THOUSAND
  𐅇 % GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC FIFTY THOUSAND
  }
\end{quote}

\section{Test kerning/ligatures}


check for kerning and unwanted ligatures:

\begin{quote}
  \greekscript

Αἀα Αἁα Αἂα Αἃα Αἄα Αἅα Αἆα Αἇα ΑἈα ΑἉα ΑἊα ΑἋα ΑἌα ΑἍα ΑἎα ΑἏα

Αἐα Αἑα Αἒα Αἓα Αἔα Αἕα ΑἘα ΑἙα ΑἚα ΑἛα ΑἜα ΑἝα

Αἠα Αἡα Αἢα Αἣα Αἤα Αἥα Αἦα Αἧα ΑἨα ΑἩα ΑἪα ΑἫα ΑἬα ΑἭα ΑἮα ΑἯα

Αἰα Αἱα Αἲα Αἳα Αἴα Αἵα Αἶα Αἷα ΑἸα ΑἹα ΑἺα ΑἻα ΑἼα ΑἽα ΑἾα ΑἿα

Αὀα Αὁα Αὂα Αὃα Αὄα Αὅα ΑὈα ΑὉα ΑὊα ΑὋα ΑὌα ΑὍα

Αὐα Αὑα Αὒα Αὓα Αὔα Αὕα Αὖα Αὗα ΑὙα ΑὛα ΑὝα ΑὟα

Αὠα Αὡα Αὢα Αὣα Αὤα Αὥα Αὦα Αὧα ΑὨα ΑὩα ΑὪα ΑὫα ΑὬα ΑὭα ΑὮα ΑὯα

Αὰα Αάα Αὲα Αέα Αὴα Αήα Αὶα Αία Αὸα Αόα Αὺα Αύα Αὼα Αώα

Αᾀα Αᾁα Αᾂα Αᾃα Αᾄα Αᾅα Αᾆα Αᾇα Αᾈα Αᾉα Αᾊα Αᾋα Αᾌα Αᾍα Αᾎα Αᾏα

Αᾐα Αᾑα Αᾒα Αᾓα Αᾔα Αᾕα Αᾖα Αᾗα Αᾘα Αᾙα Αᾚα Αᾛα Αᾜα Αᾝα Αᾞα Αᾟα

Αᾠα Αᾡα Αᾢα Αᾣα Αᾤα Αᾥα Αᾦα Αᾧα Αᾨα Αᾩα Αᾪα Αᾫα Αᾬα Αᾭα Αᾮα Αᾯα

Αᾰα Αᾱα Αᾲα Αᾳα Αᾴα Αᾶα Αᾷα ΑᾸα ΑᾹα ΑᾺα ΑΆα Αᾼα Α᾽α Αια Α᾿α

Α῀α Α῁α Αῂα Αῃα Αῄα Αῆα Αῇα ΑῈα ΑΈα ΑῊα ΑΉα Αῌα Α῍α Α῎α Α῏α

Αῐα Αῑα Αῒα Αΐα Αῖα Αῗα ΑῘα ΑῙα ΑῚα ΑΊα Α῝α Α῞α Α῟α

Αῠα Αῡα Αῢα Αΰα Αῤα Αῥα Αῦα Αῧα ΑῨα ΑῩα ΑῪα ΑΎα ΑῬα Α῭α Α΅α Α`α

Αῲα Αῳα Αῴα Αῶα Αῷα ΑῸα ΑΌα ΑῺα ΑΏα Αῼα Α´α Α῾α

\end{quote}

\end{document}


Problems with text-extraction from PDF with Kerkis:

     0  1 2 3 4  5   6 7  8  9  A  B  C D E    F
370  *  * * *  ΄  ͵  * *         ι *  * *   ;
380            ΄ ΅  ΄Α   ΄Ε ΄Η  ΄Ι   ΄Ο   ΄Υ  ΄Ω
390   ΐ Α Β Γ ∆  Ε   Ζ Η Θ    Ι Κ  Λ Μ  Ν Ξ    Ο
3Α0  Π  Ρ   Σ Τ  Υ  Φ  Χ Ψ   Ω   Ϊ Ϋ  ά έ  ή    ί
3Β0  ΰ  α ϐ γ δ  ε   Ϲ η  ϑ   ι κ  λ  µ ν  ξ   ο
3῝0  π  ϱ ς σ τ  υ   ϕ χ  ψ  ω   ϊ ϋ  ό ύ  ώ
3∆0  *  * * * *  *   * *     Ϟ  Ϝ  ϝ  Ϝ ϝ  *   ϟ
3Ε0     ϡ * * *  *   * *  *  *  *  *  * *  *   *
3Φ0  *  * * * *  *   * *  *  *  *  *  * *  *   *

03B6    zeta                      replaced by 03F9      GREEK CAPITAL LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL
03B8    GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA  replaced by 03D1      GREEK THETA SYMBOL
03C1    GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO    replaced by 03F1      GREEK RHO SYMBOL
03C6    GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI    replaced by 03D5      GREEK PHI SYMBOL


and GFS Didot:

       0   1   2  3  4  5   6 7  8  9  A  B  C D  E   F
370 *      *   *  *   ´  ͵ *  *         ι *  * *   ;
380                   ´  ῆ Α
                         ´ ´    ´Ε ´Η  ´Ι   ´Ο   ´Υ  ´Ω
390 ῆ  ´ι Α   Β   Γ  ∆  Ε Ζ   Η  Θ  Ι  Κ  Λ Μ  Ν  Ξ   Ο
3Α0 Π      Ρ       Σ  Τ  Υ Φ   Χ Ψ   Ω   ῆ
                                        Ι ῆ
                                          Υ  ά έ  ή    ί
3Β0 ῆ ´υ  α    β  γ  δ  ε ζ   η  ϑ   ι κ  λ  μ ν  ξ   ο
 3῝0 π    ρ    ς  σ  τ  υ φ   χ  ψ  ω   ι
                                        ῆ υ
                                          ῆ  ό ύ ώ
3∆0 *      *   *  *  *  * *   *           Ϛ  Ϝ Ϝ  *   Ϟ
3Ε0            *  *  *  * *   *  *  *   * *  * *  *   *
3Φ0 *      *   *  *  *  * *   *  *  *   * *  * *  *   *
